Managing Infographic-Mediated Indonesian Language Instruction to Improve Elementary Students' Procedural Writing Skills
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56916/jirpe.v5i1.2762Keywords:
Instructional Management, Infographic Visual Media, Writing Skills, Elementary School, Indonesian Language LearningAbstract
Elementary students frequently encounter challenges in developing writing proficiency due to inadequate instructional strategies and limited engagement with conventional text-based approaches. This study examined the management of Indonesian language instruction incorporating infographic media to enhance elementary students' procedural writing skills through systematic PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle implementation. A qualitative multiple case study was conducted at two elementary schools (SDN Sindanglaya and SDN Panagan) in Cianjur Regency, Indonesia. Data were collected through classroom observations (24 sessions), semi-structured interviews with teachers (n=4), principals (n=2), and students (n=48), and document analysis of instructional artifacts. Data analysis followed Miles et al.'s systematic procedures encompassing data reduction, display, and conclusion drawing with cross-case comparison. Findings revealed that structured infographic-based instructional management significantly improved students' writing quality (34% average improvement) with particularly substantial gains in structural organization (47%). Student engagement during infographic activities (78%) substantially exceeded traditional instruction (52%). Teachers demonstrated pedagogical adaptability despite technological constraints, while systematic evaluation and continuous improvement processes enhanced instructional effectiveness. PDCA-based management of infographic-mediated instruction represents an effective, evidence-based approach for enhancing elementary writing instruction when implemented through comprehensive frameworks encompassing rigorous planning, adaptive pedagogy, systematic evaluation, and continuous refinement that balance innovation with pragmatic implementation realities.
References
Ala-Vähälä, T. (2016). Quality assurance in Finnish higher education. Finnish Education Evaluation Centre.
Alrwele, N. S. (2017). Effects of infographics on student achievement and students' perceptions of the impacts of infographics. Journal of Education and Human Development, 6(3), 104-117. https://doi.org/10.15640/jehd.v6n3a12
Alshehri, M. A., & Ebaid, M. (2016). The effectiveness of using interactive infographic at teaching mathematics in elementary school. British Journal of Education, 4(3), 1-8. https://www.eajournals.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Effectiveness-of-Using-Interactive-Infographic-at-Teaching-Mathematics-in-Elementary-School.pdf
Baxter, P., & Jack, S. (2008). Qualitative case study methodology: Study design and implementation for novice researchers. The Qualitative Report, 13(4), 544-559. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2008.1573
Berninger, V., Abbott, R., Cook, C., & Nagy, W. (2016). Relationship of attention and executive functions to oral language, reading, and writing skills and systems in middle childhood and early adolescence. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 49(4), 434-449. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219415617167
Bond, M., & Bedenlier, S. (2019). Facilitating student engagement through educational technology: Towards a conceptual framework. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 2019(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.5334/jime.528
BSNP. (2018). Laporan hasil pemantauan dan evaluasi implementasi kurikulum 2013. Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan.
Clark, J. M., & Paivio, A. (1991). Dual coding theory and education. Educational Psychology Review, 3(3), 149-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01320076
Coates, H. (2010). Defining and monitoring academic standards in Australian higher education. Higher Education Management and Policy, 22(1), 1-17. https://ideas.repec.org/a/oec/edukaa/5kmmvs30rk9n.html
Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory Into Practice, 39(3), 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip3903_2
Damyanov, I., & Tsankov, N. (2018). The role of infographics for the development of skills for cognitive modeling in education. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 13(1), 82-92. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v13i01.7541
Deming, W. E. (1986). Out of the crisis. MIT Center for Advanced Educational Services.
Dunlap, J. C., & Lowenthal, P. R. (2016). Getting graphic about infographics: Design lessons learned from popular infographics. Journal of Visual Literacy, 35(1), 42-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/1051144X.2016.1205832
Elken, M., Stensaker, B., & Dedze, I. (2018). The painters behind the profile: the rise and functioning of communication departments in universities. Higher Education, 76(6), 1109-1122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-018-0258-x
Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 80-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690600500107
Graham, S. (2018). A revised writer(s)-within-community model of writing. Educational Psychologist, 53(4), 258-279. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2018.1481406
Graham, S. (2019). Changing how writing is taught. Review of Research in Education, 43(1), 277-303. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X18821125
Graham, S., Harris, K. R., & Santangelo, T. (2015). Research-based writing practices and the common core. Elementary School Journal, 115(4), 498-522. https://doi.org/10.1086/681964
Graham, S., Harris, K. R., Kiuhara, S. A., & Fishman, E. J. (2017). The relationship among strategic writing behavior, writing motivation, and writing performance with young, developing writers. Elementary School Journal, 118(1), 82-104. https://doi.org/10.1086/693009
Graham, S., Liu, X., Aitken, A., Ng, C., Bartlett, B., Harris, K. R., & Holzapfel, J. (2020). Effectiveness of literacy programs balancing reading and writing instruction: A meta-analysis. Reading Research Quarterly, 55(S1), S279-S304. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.194
Graham, S., McKeown, D., Kiuhara, S., & Harris, K. R. (2012). A meta-analysis of writing instruction for students in the elementary grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104(4), 879-896. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029185
Graham, S., & Rijlaarsdam, G. (2016). Writing education around the globe: Introduction and call for a new global analysis. Reading and Writing, 29(5), 781-792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-016-9640-1
Hakim, L., Rosadi, K. I., El Widdah, M., Us, K. A., & MY, M. (2020). Did PDCA Cycle, Service Quality and Innovation Capability Influence Private Universities Performance?. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(10). https://dx.doi.org/10.31838/srp.2020.10.131
Hattwig, D., Bussert, K., Medaille, A., & Burgess, J. (2013). Visual literacy standards in higher education: New opportunities for libraries and student learning. Portal: Libraries and the Academy, 13(1), 61-89. https://doi.org/10.1353/pla.2013.0008
Hayes, J. R., & Flower, L. S. (1980). Identifying the organization of writing processes. In L. W. Gregg & E. R. Steinberg (Eds.), Cognitive processes in writing (pp. 3-30). Erlbaum.
Heinich, R., Molenda, M., Russell, J. D., & Smaldino, S. E. (2005). Instructional media and technologies for learning (8th ed.). Pearson Education.
Islamoglu, H., Ay, O., Ilic, U., Mercimek, B., Donmez, P., Kuzu, A., & Odabasi, F. (2015). Infographics: A new competency area for teacher candidates. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 10(1), 32-39. https://avesis.erdogan.edu.tr/yayin/2ec9e6f2-491d-4c4b-b39a-56e2fe3d6b1d/infographics-a-new-competency-area-for-teacher-candidates
Kim, Y. S. G., & Graham, S. (2021). Expanding the direct and indirect effects model of writing (DIEW): Dynamic relations of component skills to various writing outcomes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 114(2), 215-238. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000564
Lankow, J., Ritchie, J., & Crooks, R. (2012). Infographics: The power of visual storytelling. John Wiley & Sons.
Langford, D. P. (2015). Tool time for education: Choosing and implementing quality improvement tools. Langford International.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage Publications.
Lundy, A. D., & Stephens, A. E. (2015). Beyond the literal: Teaching visual literacy in the 21st century classroom. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174, 1057-1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.794
Mayer, R. E. (2009). Multimedia learning (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Mayer, R. E. (2014). The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Mayer, R. E. (2005). Cognitive theory of multimedia learning. The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning, 41(1), 31-48. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139547369.005
McCutchen, D. (2006). Cognitive factors in the development of children's writing. In C. A. MacArthur, S. Graham, & J. Fitzgerald (Eds.), Handbook of writing research (pp. 115-130). Guilford Press.
Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. Jossey-Bass.
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
Moreno, C. B., Korzeniowski, C., & Espósito, A. (2022). Cognitive and executive processes associated with children’s writing. Ocnos. Revista de estudios sobre lectura, 21, 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/ocnos_2022.21.2.2839
Noh, M. A. M., Shamsudin, W. N. K., Nudin, A. L. A., Jing, H. F., Daud, S. M., Abdullah, N. N. N., & Harun, M. F. (2015). The use of infographics as a tool for facilitating learning. In International Colloquium of Art and Design Education Research (pp. 559-567). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-332-3_57
Paivio, A. (1986). Mental representations: A dual coding approach. Oxford University Press.
Paivio, A. (1991). Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 45(3), 255-287. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0084295
Paivio, A. (2007). Mind and its evolution: A dual coding theoretical approach. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Pressley, M., Wharton-McDonald, R., Allington, R., Block, C. C., Morrow, L., Tracey, D., Baker, K., Brooks, G., Cronin, J., Nelson, E., & Woo, D. (2001). A study of effective first-grade literacy instruction. Scientific Studies of Reading, 5(1), 35-58. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532799XSSR0501_2
Regondola, J., & Astorga, J. M. (2025). Effect of implementing visual learning materials on academic engagement among Grade 6 students. Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Science, 2(1), 24-34. https://doi.org/10.69739/jahss.v2i2.767
Rehan, M., Ali, Z., & Mankash, M. A. (2022). Investigating factors that influence primary school students' reading comprehension and writing skills. Journal of Educational Research and Social Sciences Review (JERSSR), 2(4), 23-31. https://www.jerssr.org.pk/ojs/index.php/jerssr/article/view/123
Saldaña, J. (2016). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
Seidman, I. (2019). Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for researchers in education and the social sciences (5th ed.). Teachers College Press.
Smith, J. M., & Robertson, M. K. (2021). (Info) Graphically Inclined: A framework of infographic learning. The Reading Teacher, 74(4), 439-449. https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1966
Stake, R. E. (2006). Multiple case study analysis. Guilford Press.
Sulistyo-Basuki. (2011). Metode penelitian pendidikan bahasa. Rineka Cipta.
Tarigan, H. G. (2008). Writing as a language skill. Angkasa.
Tetri, E. O., Taufiqulloh, T., & Prihatin, Y. (2025). The effect of digital infographic-based project-based learning method on writing skill of descriptive text. Journal of English Language and Education, 10(1), 301-311. https://doi.org/10.31004/jele.v10i1.638
Williams, J. (2016). Quality assurance and quality enhancement: Is there a relationship? Quality in Higher Education, 22(2), 97-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538322.2016.1227207
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). Sage Publications.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Sisca Rachmawati, Nana Herdiana Abdurrahman

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.







